America s Communal Utopias By Ann Lee - 1400 Words

After reading through many articles about many different religious groups in â€Å"America’s Communal Utopias†, I have observed many different communities grow using both similar and different ways to find their own success. Two societies in particular, that struck me in their techniques to survive were, the Shakers and the Mormons. Both of these religious groups today are still successful. Both groups used methods of economics, gender roles, and their relationship to the outside world to find their own success in the religious community. The shakers arose in the 17th century making them one of the earliest religious groups or sects today. They came to America with only nine members and then largely grew to about 4,000 by 1850. Over the last 200 years since they originated, about 20,000 Americans have spent a portion of their lives living as part of this religion. Ann Lee was the founder of the Shakers from 1736-1784. Many of her believers were found to be revolutionar ies but not in the normal way we would have expected. The shakers are a society of people who believe in the second appearing of Christ, which is a sect of the Christian religion. They went about life in a unique way compared to any other religious group. They explored and demonstrated very erratic behaviors to accomplish their life and religious goals. The four components of Shaker ideology are celibacy, communalism, confession of sin, and separation from the outside world. Along with the shakers, the MormonsShow MoreRelatedUtopian Societies Impact911 Words   |  4 Pagessociety is an attractive conference, but they were all considered experiments because they all declined swiftly and hopelessly. The western concept of utopias stem in the age-old world, where fables of a carnal arcadia lost to history, linked to the human ambition to build an ideal community, abetted in forming the utopian notion (â€Å"Utopias in America†). Ideal communities have varied considerably in philosophy and design, and maybe not all have been persistently utopian in the draconian understandingRead MoreRomanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look at Jack Kerouacs On the Road12240 Words   |  49 PagesWaste Land—T. S. Eliot On 2 April 1951, in a loft in New York City, Jack Kerouac fed 120 feet of Japanese drawing paper into his typewriter, and for the next 20 days or so, began typing up his â€Å"road† notes from a series of notebooks that documented his travels across the United States and Mexico. These notes were compiled and fictionalized into a bildungsroman tale of two young men who were searching the back roads, tiny hamlets and big cities of post-World War II America. This becameRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography

Causes and Consequences of Stress - 2689 Words

Stress, in one form or another, is a universal affliction. It does not discriminate based on age, race, income or culture. While not everyone experiences the same type or intensity, no one is immune from stress or its consequences. Certain groups experience stressors that are fairly specific to that group. Individuals with children will have some stressors that do not exist for those without children, married individuals will have episodes of stress that those who are unmarried do not experience, or those in one profession will experience different stressors than those in a different profession. This study will address the specific stress experienced by college students and their use of music as a coping mechanism in dealing with this stress. A stress experience consists of three major elements: The external stimuli, the internal response, and the interaction between the two (Burns, Labbà ©, Arke, Capeless, Cooksey, Steadman, Gonzales, 2002). The experience of stress arises when an individual perceives the demands of their environment to exceed his or her resources and endangering his or her well being (Thoma, La Marca, Brà ¶nnimann, Finkel, Ehlert, Nater, 2013). Some of the stress experienced by college students is similar to others in the same age group who live outside of the academic environment but, some stressors are unique to those who are pursuing higher education. Stressors affecting students can be categorized as academic, financial, time orShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Workplace Stress On The Workplace1472 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Work stress is one of the oldest issues in organizational psychology and is considered one of the most severe occupational injuries in modern society† (Chou, Chu, Yeh, Chen, 2014, p. 115). Overcoming this severe issue of workplace stress is an important topic to discuss. It is defined as the events or circumstances that cause strain to an employee, which can result in physical, mental, and emotional consequences (Dextras-Gauthier, Marchand, Haines, 2012; Nà ¤gel, Sonnentag, Kà ¼hnelRead MoreThe Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ( Rebt ) Exercise886 Words   |  4 PagesTherapy (REBT) exercise focuses on stress the client is experiencing in their life. REBT is effective in teaching people how to effectively manage stress through changing irrational beliefs. Stress is present in everyday issues and every person experiences on a daily basis. Stress is different from neurotic or emotional problems because the irrational belief created from stress related events which ar e short-term and identifiable events (Abrams Ellis, 1994). The stress related to neurotic or emotionalRead MoreStress in Teens: When is it too much?1059 Words   |  5 Pagesclass, equal her job, and gets launched the volleyball team. Giant amounts of stress on a young person will lead them down a destructive path. Sadly this problem happens on a daily basis. Some teenagers are excellent at managing their time whereas others simply cannot handle as much on their plate. There are many various causes of stress and even more ways in which it will have an effect on the person. Some causes of stress could include however are not restricted to: expectations from those who matterRead MoreManaging An Individual s Professional Career1541 Words   |  7 PagesManaging stress is an important concept that should be incorporated in all areas of an individual’s life. Although stress is difficult to define, it is an experience that individuals view differently and is affected by in many ways. However, when referring to an individual’s professional career, stress is considered a major issue if it is not effectively managed. Therefore, within the social work profession, it is important that there are effective stress management interventions (SMI) in place forRead MoreDummy Stress Management Paper1370 Words   |  6 Pages4/3/13 STRESS M ANAGEM ENT | PROJECT ON STRESS M ANAGEM ENT | M BA PROJECT ON STRESS M ANAGEM ENT | HR PROJECT ON STRESS M †¦ Ads by Google ââ€" º Stres s ââ€" º MBA Degree ââ€" º MBA in It ââ€" º HR Servic es PROJECT ON STRESS MANAGEMENT CAUSES OF STRESS Society the working world and daily life have changed almost beyond recognition in the past 50 years. These changes have contributed to a major increase in stress. Stress is caused from both outside inside the organization from groupsRead More stress Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pages 1/ Definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? : Stress is an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening to the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wellbeing. (1) There are two kinds of stress dimensions which are psychological and physiological one. In psychological aspect, people perceive a situation and interpret it as challenging or threatening or both and then this cognitive appraisal leads to physiological responses. Distress: the degree of physiological, psychological and behaviouralRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages28). Many factors can contribute to why certain victims are more likely to experience domestic violence. For example, stress and social learned behavior are common contributors to family violence. The simplicity of stress can cause family members to result to violence against one another when the stress isn’t dealt with properly (Daigle, 2013, p.132). Many things can cause stress, such as: financial issues, the demands of children and busy schedules (Daigle, 2013). Social learned behavior is alsoRead MoreTheme Of Racism In The Kite Runner788 Words   |  4 Pagesare able to prosper throughout their whole life without any consequences, their actions are can be devastating to others. This can be seen in the creation of thehis character, Assef. Throughout Assef’s life, readers are able to see him transition from a young bully to a grown man that uses racist thoughts to fuel his thirst for his misdeeds. When Assef is allowed to continue with his racial fueled actions without a ny consequences, he causes severe mental issues to many of his victims. Not only doesRead MoreStress Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesStress is a factor that can affect people of all ages and genders. Circumstances of life lived by someone can lead to both physical and psychological health issues. Stress is defined â€Å"any uncomfortable emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological and behavioral changes† (1). Some stress can be beneficial if it is for a short time period because it will produce a boost that provides enough energy to help people get through situations like exams at school or work deadlinesRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence ( Tda )1654 Words   |  7 Pagespartner violence such as, sexual, physical, emotional, and psychological. IPV occurs among all religious, socioeconomic, and cultural groups in the United States and other countries. As many people know intimate partner violence tends to come with consequences after the damage is done to the victim. Intimate partner violence does not just happen out of nowhere where the perpetrator thinks they have the right to be violent towards their spouse. The issue of IPV is connected to the cycle of violence in

Heart Failure Alert System Using Rfid and Gps Free Essays

HEART FAILURE ALERT SYSTEM USING RFID AND GPS -AN EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINOUS MONITORING OF PATIENTS [pic] PRESENTED BY: ODUGU SIVA SUBRAMANYAM D. SANDEEP REDDY III/IV B. Tech, ECE III/IV B. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Failure Alert System Using Rfid and Gps or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tech, ECE sivao420@gmail. com sandeep08426@gmail. com Mobile no: 8977631621 Mobile no:9494050980 GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE GUDLAVALLERU CONTENTS †¢ ABSTRACT †¢ INTRODUCTION †¢ OVERVIEW OF RFID SYSTEM †¢ GENERAL MODEL FOR HEART FAILURE ALERT SYSTEM †¢ WORKING ALGORITHMS †¢ CONCLUSION ABSTRACT: Now-a-days the deaths caused due to the heart failure have been of major concern . The majority of the deaths caused by heart failures are due to the lack of medical assistance in time. This paper gives an insight of a new technology that relates directly to the exploding wireless marketplace. This technology is a whole new wireless and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) enabled frontier in which a victim’s actual location is integral for providing valuable medical services. The paper will be demonstrating for the first time ever the usage of wireless telecommunications systems and miniature sensor devices like RFID passive Tags , that are smaller than a grain of rice and equipped with a tiny antenna which will capture and wirelessly transmit a person’s vital body-function data, such as pulse or body temperature , to an integrated ground station. In addition, the antenna will also receive information regarding the location of the individual from the GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) System. Both sets of data medical information and location will then be wirelessly transmitted to the ground station and made available to save lives by remotely monitoring the medical conditions of at-risk patients and providing emergency rescue units with the person’s exact location. This paper gives a predicted general model for Heart Failure Alert System. It also discusses the Algorithm for converting the Analog pulse to Binary data in the tag and the Algorithm for alerting the Location Tracking Station. It discusses in detail the various stages involved in tracking the exact location of the Victim using this technology INTRODUCTION: It is tough to declare convincingly what is the most important organ of our body. In fact every organ has its own importance contributing and coordinating superbly to keep the wonderful machine the human body functioning smoothly. And one of the primary organs which thebody cannot do without is the heart, 72 beats a minute or over a trillion in a lifetime. The pump house of our body pumping the blood to every corner of our body every moment, thus sending oxygen and nutrients to each and every cell. Over a period of time, the heart muscles go weak, the arteries get blocked and sometimes because of a shock a part of the heart stops functioning resulting in what is called a HEART ATTACK. Heart attack is a major cause of death and in today’s tension full world it has become very common. Presently there is no mechanism by which a device monitors a person’s heart 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and gives him instant protection in case of problem. Our primary focus is on people with a history of heart problem as they are more prone to death due to heart failure. In the 1970s, a group of scientists at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) realized that a handheld receiver stimulated by RF power could send back a coded radio signal. Such a system could be connected to a simple computer and used to control access to a secure facility This system ultimately became one of the first building entry systems based on the first commercial use of RFID. RFID or Radio Frequency identification is a technology that enables the tracking or identification of objects using IC based tags with an RF circuit and antenna, and RF readers that â€Å"read† and in some case modify the information stored in the IC memory. RFID: RFID is an automated data-capture technology that can be used to electronically identify , track, and store information about groups of products, individual items, or product components. The technology consists of three key pieces:1. RFID TAGS 2. RFID READERS 3. HOST COMPUTER RFID TAGS: RFID tags are small or miniaturized computer chips programmed with information about a product or with a number that corresponds to information that is stored in a database. The tags can be located inside or on the surface of the product, item, or packing material. pic] The RF tags could be divided in two major groups PASSIVE: where the power to energize the tag’s circuitry is draw from the reader generated field. and ACTIVE: in this case the tag has an internal power source, in general a battery that could be replaceable or not, in some case this feature limited the tag lifetime, but for some applications this is not important, or the tag is designed to live more than the typical time needed. |type |Frequency |Read | Tag source |Applications | | |range |range |power | | |LF | How to cite Heart Failure Alert System Using Rfid and Gps, Essay examples

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions System †Free Samples to Stud

Question: Discuss about the Metallurgical and Materials Transactions System. Answer: Introduction Australian economy is one of the largest economies in the world. From GDPs point of view country is in a stable position, here various industries contributed various portions to GDP. Countrys mining industry is identified as one of largest industry, however over the years different results has been obtained regarding the mining industry. The main aim of this report is to explore the iron ore mining industrys contribution to GDP level with a view to different changes that affected country, how these changes hampered iron ore mining industry and in turn how iron ore mining industry hampered economys growth level is a matter of concern of this report. Australian economy is a developed economy with one of the largest mixed market economy. It is also considered as one of the wealthiest nation across the globe. Australia also stands in the eighth position with respect to the estimated value of natural resources. The value of natural resources is high inside country because of its geographical location. According to World Bank data, GDP of the country over the years has remained in a stable position. Poverty rate estimated within country is also low. OECD report shows that Australia over the years has grown at a rate of 3.6 percent in the past fifteen years. Country introduced indirect tax system in 2000 and it mainly included goods and service tax. Revenue was mainly generated from personal and company income tax. From the labor force scenario of the country it can be observed that the number of underemployed is high, even unemployment rate over the years increased and it mainly constitutes youth unemployment and this of unemployment is a major problem faced by the economy because the countrys advancement of technology, the aging population increased. From inflation rate point of view it can be seen that countrys inflation level over the past years has been quite high. From export bundle of the country it is seen that it is mainly exporter of agricultural products, energy in the fo rm of liquefied natural gas and coal and minerals. Trading partners of the country consists of Japan, US, South Korea, China and New Zealand. Contribution of mining industry to GDP Iron ore mining industry of the country is the most significant industry of Australia and the main reason behind this is the presence of natural resources inside country. Industry contributed to the highest level of economic growth since 1840s. Mining industry as a whole thus had major influence on Australias performance. Currently this industry contributes around 8.5 percent to Australian GDP. Thus this industry can be regarded as the primary industry. Various kinds of ores and minerals are mined throughout the country. This industry generates around $138 billion per year and this result is half of total goods and services. Iron ore mining industry approximately employs 200,000 people and in this way it benefit people indirectly, and thus creates economic and social wellbeing welfare. Industry also it also creates high skilled and high paid jobs for citizens of the country; hence it helps to build careers and ensures more youth population. Regional economic activity of the country is also supported by this industry. Thus iron ore mining offers huge scale employment opportunities to citizens and has been at the front position of Australia. Taxes and royalties from iron ore industry are main source of income for the populations and governments, with $25 billion in taxes and royalties acknowledged in the 2013-2014 financial year. With respect to export of the industry a rapid growth is being observed within the industry. Total production of the iron ore industry increased by 2% between 2006-07 and 2007-08, and doubled between 1987-88 and 2007-08. Past 10 financial years shows , the largest decrease in production took place in 2003-04 on the other hand the largest annual increase achieved in 2006-07. Production in the services to iron ore industry shows small percentage of total mining production. However, the net value of services to mining is more and this indicate some services was given by businesses classified to other industries such as construction. The significance of the iron ore mining industry in terms of production fluctuates across the states and territories. Total factor income which is a portion of state production shows that total payments received by labor and owners of capital from iron ore has been utilized in the production of the goods and services. The period 1997-98 to 2007-08 shows that Northern part of the country experienced changes in import due to the input of the industry to total state production, varied from 13 percent in 1998-99 to 35 percent in 2000-01. Iron ore mining industry during 2008 accounted for percent of total production in the Northern part. While in Western Australia, the contribution of the industry varied from 19 percent in 1997-98 to 29 percent in 2007-08 .The iron ore mining industry's portion of Queensland overall production augmented from 6 percent and 11 percent in the period 1997-98 to 2007-08. In 2007-08, the industry accounted 10 percent contribution to state production. Iron ore with respect to other minerals contributed 50 percent of total production to the economy as a whole. The mining boom provided lift to the living standards of average citizens of Australia, not just those who worked in the sector but to all who are not linked with the industry. As a result wages grew by 6 per cent more across the economy and household expenditure was 11 per cent higher that is equal to over $100 per week for the ordinary household. Governments role in iron ore mining industry Australias ministry of resources work together to address the misperceptions about the mining industry. Government here created an environment that is specially owed to business and this environment is expected to create facilitates in investment and expands productivity of the industry. Tax on mining and carbon tax has also been abolished by the Australian government. Government also established $100 million for Exploration Development Incentive for backing rural sector and this is done by making tax offsets. The status of infrastructure here shows that it mainly expand output at present mines and plans inaugurate new mining provinces by the government. Across the nation government invested in record levels of infrastructure. In Australia ,two centers are devoted to the resources sector. One sector is METS industrymining equipment, services and technology; the other sector is for gas, energy and oil resources. Australia has the best METS industries across the globe.In Australia, ove r fifty percent of the companies, $90 billion METS sector export their goods and services, with present exports beyond $27 billion of sectors revenues. In Australia, partnerships between government and industry have developed over many years through a range of formal and informal mechanisms. Australian Government is dedicated to create a strategy structure in order to expand Australia's resource base, expand its global competitiveness and improve the regulatory regime. The current programs administered by Resources Division of Australia are: Exploring for the Future: Australian Government has declared $100 million of Australian dollar for the Exploring of the Upcoming programme to increase exploration investment in Australias resources sector. The Exploring for the Future programme will create the next generation of pre competitive geoscience data, with an emphasis on targeted areas of northern Australia and parts of South Australia. It will expand Australias long term exploration prospects and address deteriorating onshore Greenfield exploration activities. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: Government also declared it would implement the fiscal transparency principles of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), a global standard for improved transparency and liability in the oil and mining sectors. EITI is a voluntary mechanism which endorses and provides backings for developing governance in resource-rich nations through the full publication and authentication of company payments and revenues of government from oil ,mining and gas. By linking the EITI, Australia confirms that its national approach is reliable with global efforts to expand transparency, containing in tax systems. This will give noteworthy paybacks for Australian companies through better global investment surroundings resulting from reliable and open reporting principles for the worlds resources sector. Among the lsit of supporters, Australia is the largest supporters of the EITI, with more than $20 million since 2007. This has encompassed a id for the EITI Secretariat, as well as the World Bank EITI Multi-Donor Trust Fund, which was proven to support emerging countries implementation of the EITI (Person,2013). Gas Acceleration Program: The accessibility and price of gas have been recognized as significant risks for Australian business competitiveness and cost of living pressures. Predicted supply shortfalls combined with other factors, including linking to international export markets, state and territory bans, aging infrastructure are resulting in a higher new gas price and constrained availability. Sustainable Development Program for the Mining Industry: This program mainly promotes sustainable development and self-regulation of industry through the active acceptance of leading principles. The program is directed by the ?Department of Industry, Innovation and Science in partnership with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Thus Australian government is trying best to support the industry and reason behind this support is, over the years the mining industry has served very well to the entire nation and these programmes undertaken by government must address the issue that crop up with the industry. Impact of several changes on Australian iron ore mining industry Several factors affect Australian mining industry in a large extent some changes help the industry to grow while there are some factors that decreases the productivity level of the industry. Value of AUD decrease 10 percent: if dollar depreciates against major foreign currencies, then it is expected that exports increases, as Australian produced goods become cheaper from abroad. The influence on current-dollar imports is more uncertain: Depreciation mainly increases the dollar cost of a specified volume of imports, but the volume may decline to the degree that domestic goods and services are replaced for imports in reaction to the rise in the relative cost of purchases from overseas (Webster,2012). However the drop in exchange rate, then drop in value of Australian dollar will provide relief to miners who battle with the high costs and low commodity prices. As a result of decrease in value of AUD, mineral commodity price will drop. As a result of change in price export of the industry will increase, while the import will become costly. Thus fall in exchange rate will take place and this is the main reason of depreciation of the currency. Thus industry faces boom period due to its increase in export. Inflation rate increases to 5 percent: As a result of decrease in value of Australian dollar the inflation rate will increase and this follows mainly the cost push inflation. Cost push inflation is mainly an outcome of decrease in value of AUD. In such a scenario again the fall in exchange rate will try to regain its value in order to maintain stability of the economy. Increase in inflation rate also increases the standard of living of the country by making it difficult for the weaker populations to survive (Tonts, Plummer and Lawrie,2012). Global price of oil increase rapidly to US $100 / barrel: Rising oil price creates cost pressure on many mining companies. Australias several-fold, totally transformed the economics of the industry with the increase in oil price. Metal prices will fall and few new metal mines were opened - Australian production augmented largely because of capacity rises at existing mines to realize economies of scale. Unemployment increases by 10 percent: this increase will take place due to several factors that are influencing Australian economy. The main reason of this increase may be accredited to fall value of Australian dollar, because as result of fall in value of dollar the exports of the industry increased and since prices of export fall while that of import rise , companies will lay off employers in order to achieve its economic growth. This lay off will increase the number of unemployed. Lower unemployment rate accompanied with higher energy prices is mainly a outcome of the mining boom. The outcome of a change in the unemployment rate is highly persistent . Thus the unemployment effect will begin to control the economy. Unemployment rate may also increase due to aging population of the country and this increase is mainly due to advancement of technology. All changes occur together in a year Now if the above mentioned events take place simultaneously within the country then it will affect the countrys growth by hampering the stable position of the country. When dollar value falls it impacts countrys economy in a large scale, and it is shown below with help of a diagram. The above diagram shows the impact of value of dollar on an economy. Now if the supply of dollar remain constant while the demand falls i.e, its value falls then the exchange rate will also fall , thus depreciation of dollar takes place. As a result of this depreciation the countrys export level increases while the import increases. Inflation is a sustained rise in the price level. Inflation can come from both the demand and the supply-side of an economy. If this inflation rate increases then it impacts economy in a large scale by making it harder for population of the country to cope up with the problems. As soon as the inflation increases, price of the commodities increase and as result of this increased price level , cost push inflation may crop up. This will lead to an rise in the costs of raw materials and other components. Rising labor costs is also a outfall of increased inflation level - caused by wage increases, which are greater than improvements in productivity. Wage also rises. Indirect taxes also increase, this will affect the value added taxes. Depending on the price elasticity of demand and supply for their products, dealers may select to pass on the load of the tax onto consumers (Benndorf and Dimitrakopoulos, 2013). Increase in oil price globally affects the mining industry in a large scale and this is due to the fact mining industry too uses the oil indirectly. For transportation purpose mainly mining industry requires oil. If this price of oil increases then it will impact on the demand of resources , the demand will fall as a result the price of other commodities will increase again this increased price level will create problem to the miners because it would be difficult for them to buy raw materials at a higher price(Gaudin, A.M., 1957). Now finally if unemployment increases within the country then it will adversely affects mining industrys growth level, this is due to the fact mining industry is mainly driven by human powers not by the machine powers. Mining activities require lots of labor, with growth this industry does provided jobs to several households in Australia, but as soon as the industry faces turmoil it is obvious that it will affect the economy in a negative manner (Duuring,2012). Thus it can be observed that the events that are mentioned are interrelated in a huge sense and this is because as soon as the dollar value decreases it creates inflation inside the economy and it directly affect the mining industry by making the raw materials price high. On the other hand inflation created falls employment rate and this is because as soon as the price increases companies generally lay off workers in order to meet their profit. Hence if these events occur then they will trigger again and again , the government must make rigid regulations to address these problems which deteriorate the performance of the mining industry (Yellishetty and Mudd, 2014). Conclusion Thus the study on the mining industry gives a in depth result about the activities inside the industry in a large scale. Mining industry which is considered to be the booming industry of Australia have changed its status over the years and this happened due to several factors that the mining industry faced. Previously mining industries contribution was the highest but with time industrys contribution began to fall and this fall shows a significant result on the GDP level As soon as the GDP fall this impacts the overall growth of the economy. Although with respect to human development index Australia stands in the second position but the changes that happened within the mining industry which was previously regarded as the most impact full industry of Australia have changed its position inside the economy (.Beers,2007) Australias mineral endowment has funded considerably to the countrys national wealth and development, and should continue to do so into the predictable future. However, substantial dependency on natural resources presents profits and threats for domestic wealth. In this situation, Australia must refurbish its vision for the iron ore mining industry and allied modernization that supports its performance (Wilson, 2012). Effective macro-economic policy that instantaneously confirms long-term efficiency from the mineral endowment, while implementing innovative governance and boosting mineral exploitation from other fonts and materials efficiency among consumers, will be essential for Australia to maximize long-term nationwide profit from the mineral endowment. Focusing on and upgrading sustainability matters as probable limitations to production will be necessary in ensuring long term productivity (Deegan, C. and Blomquist, C., 2006 ) Iron ore production in Australia is currently unsustainable, because of resources being finite, but because of impacts linked with extraction and processing. Peak mineral production increases the spectre of resource exhaustion, and the compulsion to begin to plan for transition in the way minerals and metals are created, used and reused in society (Wills, B.A. and Finch, J., 2015.). As a chief supplier of minerals and metals to the world economy, Australia can play an important role in leading and boosting sustainable production, use and governance of mineral resources. As a start, improving traditional manufacture with other mineral and metal sources will not only fund to Australias ability to maximize long-term wealth from minerals by decreasing the countrywide economic dependence on in-ground mineral resources, but it would also lift capacity, innovation, activity and international competitiveness in secondary sectors that is created to recognize value from in-use stocks and end-use mineral services (Evans, 2009). Thus if a person works in mining company the he should recommend the CEO that workers are to be insured in terms of turbulence that is faced by the economy. If they are not insured then with increasing unemployment rate the economys growth will decrease with a fall in GDP. The company should follow rules and regulations are laid down by government to support the industry. These government laws play an integral role at the time of turbulence faced. The company must ensure that inflation rate does not influence the industry so the country must prepare itself against the inflation rates up and downs problem. References Beers, D., Bossilkov, A., Corder, G. and Berkel, R., 2007. Industrial symbiosis in the Australian minerals industry: the cases of Kwinana and Gladstone. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(1), pp.55-72. Benndorf, J. and Dimitrakopoulos, R., 2013. Stochastic long-term production scheduling of iron ore deposits: Integrating joint multi-element geological uncertainty.Journal of Mining Science,49(1), pp.68-81. Deegan, C. and Blomquist, C., 2006. Stakeholder influence on corporate reporting: An exploration of the interaction between WWF-Australia and the Australian minerals industry. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 31(4), pp.343-372. Duuring, P., Hagemann, S.G., Novikova, Y., Cudahy, T. and Laukamp, C., 2012. Targeting iron ore in banded iron formations using ASTER data: weld range Greenstone Belt, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Economic Geology, 107(4), pp.585-597. Evans, A.M., 2009. Ore geology and industrial minerals: an introduction. John Wiley Sons. Gaudin, A.M., 1957. Flotation.McGraw-Hill. Mudd, G.M., 2010. The environmental sustainability of mining in Australia: key mega-trends and looming constraints. Resources Policy, 35(2), pp.98-115. Pearson, L.J., Biggs, R., Harris, M. and Walker, B., 2013. Measuring sustainable development: the promise and difficulties of implementing Inclusive Wealth in the Goulburn-Broken Catchment, Australia.Sustainability: Science, Practice, Policy,9(1). Tonts, M., Plummer, P. and Lawrie, M., 2012. Socio-economic wellbeing in Australian mining towns: A comparative analysis.Journal of Rural Studies,28(3), pp.288-301. Webster, N.A., Pownceby, M.I., Madsen, I.C. and Kimpton, J.A., 2012. Silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) iron ore sinter bonding phases: new insights into their formation during heating and cooling. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 43(6), pp.1344-1357. Wills, B.A. and Finch, J., 2015. Wills' mineral processing technology: an introduction to the practical aspects of ore treatment and mineral recovery. Butterworth-Heinemann. Wilson, J.D., 2012. Chinese resource security policies and the restructuring of the Asia-Pacific iron ore market.Resources Policy,37(3), pp.331-339. Yellishetty, M. and Mudd, G.M., 2014. Substance flow analysis of steel and long term sustainability of iron ore resources in Australia, Brazil, China and India. Journal of cleaner production, 84, pp.400-410.

Response to Intervention (RTI)

Expository Essay Sample on Human Trafficking What Is the Situation Today

Expository Essay Sample on Human Trafficking What Is the Situation Today For thousands of years people have been buying and selling human beings. From the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt, the ancient Babylonians, Grecian and Roman empires, slavery has been practiced in most nations of the world. In the 16th to the late 18th century, slavery was an accepted part of the economic life of western nations. In the New World, the plantation owners in Virginia and other states used slaves brought from Africa to work their fields. William Wilberforce moved for its abolition in England and the empire in 1833. However, whilst it stopped as a legal practice, it did not stop. What is the situation regarding human trafficking today, and what are the causes of its existence? 1. What form does it take today? The definition of the UN on human trafficking is detailed, but it mainly falls into 3 groups. Humans are trafficked for use as labor, sexual exploitation with harvesting of organs being another smaller group. It involves recruiting, kidnapping, transfer and sale of such persons. Exploitation must include sexual exploitation forced labor or removal of organs. 2. How extensive is it? According to US state department Laura Lederer, human trafficking is the third largest criminal activity worldwide. It is only exceeded by illegal drug and arms trafficking. It has become a criminal industry worth $32 billion a year. 3. Who are the traffickers The traffickers are criminals; however, because of the nature of the industry most do not fit the stereotypes. At the top are the criminal bosses. However, down the line it might be a person who gives a young girl accommodation, or drives her to a destination. What they have in common is they make money from doing these things, which are essential to get the victim to the point of sale. Then come the direct criminals, who knowingly buy and exploit the victims. 4. Who are the victims The victims can be anyone. Much of it starts with fraud, or in civil war situations. For example, a girl in Thailand is recruited as an au pair in South Africa. On arrival her passport is removed, she is locked in a house and forced to work in a brothel, either by threat or violence. Young women in civil war areas like the Baltic region of Europe are kidnapped and forced into sex work. These sex workers are put in brothels, on the streets, in rich men or women’s mansions, and kept as sex slaves. Their owners exploit them sexually, and keep any money earned from prostitution. Others are offered passage to another country, and guaranteed work. They gladly accept however when they arrive they find they are slaves. Most are smuggled into the country, do not know the language, kept locked up and used to do labor, from farming, sewing, house cleaning. They get no pay and work at the will of their owner(s) who keep the money they should have earned. The only thing they have in common is they usually are vulnerable members of society. They are often runaways, have unstable abusive homes, and no employment. 5. What is being done to stop it? The United Nations opened a bureau dedicated to combating this problem. Most responsible governments are recognizing the problem and legislating it into criminal law. However, the problem is complex and huge. The International Labor Organization suggests 20.9 million victims are in forced labor, and other statistics estimate millions are involved in sexual exploitation. 6. What is the major problem faced? Lack of awareness is a major stumbling block. If a woman working on the streets approached a police officer saying she was forced into drug addiction and prostitution, she is as likely to be arrested rather than rescued. What is clear is that slavery whilst abolished has not stopped. Writing tips on exploratory essays about human trafficking: Exploratory essays ask questions to gather and share information on the topic. It is not necessary to find answers. Introductions for exploratory essays are broad, as you are making an inquiry into a topic, not proving a thesis. Present the topic and the questions you will ask. State your research question clearly state what you want to discover, and why. Identify the issue, its causes and other factors. Identify decision makers and other interested parties. You do not have to supply solutions as the paper is for the purpose of identifying the problem.

Water Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water Conservation - Essay Example While most natural disasters, like tsunami, happen comparatively fast that there is little time to prepare, droughts occur relatively slowly over a period of time. No single universal word can define when a drought begins or ends. However, the influences of drought can be initially felt by the amount of annual rainfall. Spontaneously, the impacts of drought increase with the time of a drought as supplies in lakes and groundwater are depleted. California has experienced a severe drought for four years now. The drought is characterized by very high temperatures and very low precipitation. With a high population and a deepening drought problem, competition for water between nature, farms and cities in California is acute. A future El Nino prospect presents opportunities for California to shore up its water security. Harvesting of El Nino rain water is necessary so as to ensure that California is water secure. Currently, water conservation is a priority for California residents because the state cannot afford any water wastage owing to its acute severe drought situation. The severe California drought has impacted water use and the government is also striving to overcome the drought situation. The state government has been at the forefront of encouraging residents to cut back on their water use. In April 2015, Governor Jerry Brown ordered urban residents to cut their water use by 25 percent. Communities that record high per capita use are most affected as government authorities are forcing them to reduce their daily water use by as much as 36 percent.

Contribution of organizational learning to contemporary understandings Essay

Contribution of organizational learning to contemporary understandings of workplace practices - Essay Example Critics such as Sommerlad and Stern believe that the notion of learning within workplace has acquired saliency and visibility.This is primarily because as it connects at the stage of new thinking process. This thinking process is concerned on the process of learning about the modern enterprise, the alteration of nature work and new systems of knowledge. It is understood that the process of workplace practices is moving through the period of social, economic and political change. The prime purpose of the report is to present vivid explanation about the significance of organization learning towards understanding the workplace performs. Furthermore, examples are provided to illustrate the contribution of organization learning. The learning is viewed as interpretative device that cannot be divided amongst different scientific corrections and compartmentalized into different levels to create zones of inter-organization, organizational, group and individual learning processes. According to Gallacher and Reeve, the rapid advancement in technology and increase globalization has helped in the rise of skill and level of organizational workforce. The application of organizational learning process within workplace practices is viewed as flexible system of learning that enables employees working in an organization to engage in continuing professional development and consistent process of updating. In the world of globalization of acceleration of change, organization and approaching strategy are interconnected and execution of practical events is regarded as more effective activities. The idea of implementation of learning process within organization settings has been from the time of Industrial revolution. Since th e time of revolution, the crucial element of organizational operative process is training of employees in practical

Evaluate the role of violence in the US counter-culture Essay

Evaluate the role of violence in the US counter-culture - Essay Example Jobs were plentiful and the advances in technology that were rapidly filling all the dreams of a consumerist society filled homes with products that were making life easier and creating a world in which survival was no longer the primary concern. As the ‘utopian’ nature of the new technologically advanced world began to move forward, however, many people needed to find new challenges outside of the needs of survival in order to motivate achievement. Some of those challenges included revolutionizing the culture and in the 1960’s, movements that worked towards emancipating the culture from oppressions that were suppressing the rights of women and those of minority races began to rise. In addition, the Vietnam conflict was providing a resource from which to galvanize many people towards looking at the government with a more critical eye. The war provided fuel for those who believed that the motivations of the government in the use of its people no longer represented the best interests of the nation. The time period of the 1960’s was framed by a society that was trying to find a way in which to best situate the culture in order to provide for the most enlightened version of the American ideals. Emancipating women, African Americans, Hispanics, the military, and even attitudes about sex seemed to be the way toward creating a society that no longer impressed upon some of its people oppression that prevented them from reaching their goals within the context of the ‘American dream’. What had seemed so perfect in the 1950’s was revealed for a facade that was hiding a plethora of social problems that could now be revealed as the freedoms that technology and the rise of the media presented an open door through which causes could stake their claims and make social revolutions out of injustices that were occurring. The media arts, such as literature and film, began to reflect the desires of those who were firmly situated in the counterculture revolutions of the period, expressing anger through violence. The expressions of violence created a sensationalized point of view, however, often galvanizing people in a direction that did not promote improvement of society but that incited anarchy. The connection between social revolution and violence in film and literature is defined by the shifts that can be observed in the cultural attitudes of the 1960’s and the 1970’s. Specific changes, especially and readily available in the example of film, provide a frame for understanding how society changed from a glossy representation of idealized values to a peeled back, raw version of social construction in which the flaws of the culture were finally exposed. In exposing those flaws, however, the artful representations became increasingly violent having an effect on the way in which some people would view the causes, some who were against those causes and others who were part of the movement. 2. Charles St arkweather In 1958 Charles Starkweather and his girlfriend Caril Anne Fugate, both teenagers with the girl being only fourteen, went on a murderous spree that shook the image of security that people of the United States had about their relationships with law, safety, and with the control that they felt that they had over their society. The late 1950’s represented a time in penal history where reforms were being considered as the nature of the criminal mind was discussed in terms of society’s responsibility in forming individuals who were inclined

The Elements of Class Conflict in Pakistan

The Elements of Class Conflict in Pakistan 1.1 Overview of the Topic Income distribution is a frequency distribution showing number of persons, taxpayers or households classified by levels of income. The unequal distribution of income is a major issue in many countries, mostly in developing countries and in Pakistan it has been a burning since its birth. As the inequality in the distribution rises, it divides the population into small groups with various differences among them, thus fueling a conflict between them. The conflict arises due to difference in the income patterns, employment patterns, wage rates, difference in resources symbolic or material, social status etc. the difference in the lifestyle, wage rates, and the job opportunities in the rural and urban cities of Pakistan cause class conflict, as people living in various locations belong to different income groups. Feudal culture in Pakistan is among the major reasons of class conflict. Landlords have made monopolies which have increased the disparities among the various classes living. Cla ss conflict is a serious problem which causes violent activities such as high crime. Unfortunately our government has been unable to solve this problem of uneven distribution of income, as they themselves are enjoying the class difference existing in our country. Over the past year this conflict has been boiling and will eventually erupt one day. With this segregation of the population into various classes, social gaps have increased and people have become more accustomed to other people who are of similar stature in the society. This is one of the major issues Pakistan is facing, unity among the population is a challenge to the government of Pakistan, but it all trickles down to the fact that the people who are causing this unequal distribution of income are the ones who are leading us. Over the past years, the income distribution in Pakistan has adopted an uneven trend, meaning that there is no significant increase or decrease, thus the notion that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer, and the result of this is a growing conflict among the various classes that exist in our society today. Other factors such as corruption also play a vital role in this unequal distribution of income, not only at higher levels but at the smallest and lowest level of the society as well. 1.2 Background Information Since Pakistan came into being, the income distribution has been a serious issue. During the time of partition, many people were stripped of their lands, properties, valuables and other financial assets. The unequal distribution of income we are experiencing today has its roots from the time of the partition of India and Pakistan. Feudalism in those days was at its peak and remnants of it can still be seen in the modern society. Many powerful feudal lords claimed lands by force from people who were financially or socially weak, thus the wealth became concentrated and its effects can be seen today in our society, as the unequal distribution of income. Even today, many influential people such as politicians and local feudal lords all around Pakistan are in control of the major chunk of the income that is generated and flows through the economy, which is why Pakistan also faces extreme poverty. Pakistan has experienced an uneven trend in the distribution of income in the past years, as there is no significant trend of increase or decrease. This uneven pattern of income distribution has been the root cause of the division of the population into various classes on the basis of income inequalities. During the early years of Pakistan, the population was less divided, but with the passage of time and the uneven trend of the income inequality has caused the population to be divided into upper, middle and lower classes based on different employment patterns, wage rates, households, social status and limited resources etc. The formation of these classes has led to the widening of the social gaps between the people and has also led to social exclusion of people belonging to different classes. This has been a common practice in history that people belonging to a similar group or stratum, tend to socialize more i.e. people who share common resources either symbolic or material in nature tend to form stratums. As the general population is divided into these stratums, belief a nd ideals change, thus a conflict arises due to these changing ideals. Over the past years, since the birth of Pakistan, this conflict between the different classes has been slowly boiling and has erupted into a class conflict based on income disparity. 1.3 Importance of the Study With Respect To the World The problem of unequal distribution of income exists in almost every country around the world, from the weakest to the strongest economies of the world; income disparity is clear and present. It is also one of the major problems that developing countries face and if not contained in due time, it paves the way for many other problems which are either directly or indirectly linked with it. One of these problems is the class conflict that arises due to income inequality among the general population. The relevance of this problem can be best understood with an example of East and West Germany. In World War II the Allies occupied West Germany and the Soviets occupied East Germany. The border between the two Germanys was famously known as the Berlin Wall. Since the corporate and industrial might of the Allies was far superior compared to the Soviets at that time, the Allies started injecting billions of dollars in the economy of West Germany, resulting in higher living standards and plenti ful jobs for the people. In stark contrast the jobs and living standards in East Germany were inferior, resulting in constant unrest which ultimately substantiated into a major class conflict. Thus throughout the world, we see many similar cases where the major chunk of the economy is concentrated at a singular point, that is the elite or the ruling class, leaving the lower classes with little or no financial assets. Concentration fuels the class conflict in a society and ultimately damages a nation as a whole. The inequality in the distribution is caused by many relevant factors, such as inflation, foreign direct investment, remittances, trade, corruption, feudalism etc. and these are all present in almost every society of the world. Thus the significance of this study cannot be denied with respect to the world. 1.4 Importance of Study With Respect To Pakistan Since Pakistans Inception, the Populace has been plagued with the diabolical issue of income distribution. The seriousness of this issue cannot be denied, since it has been the root cause of constant upheaval in the society in general and also the catalyst of constant unrest, distrust and sometimes violent protests. In other words we have been compromised in a never ending stalemate, since there is no significant trend of increase or decrease of income distribution in Pakistan, thus this kind of uneven trend is giving rise to undesirable hybrid classes based upon this income inequality. The initiation of such classes has led to an avalanche of prejudice, discrimination and more disturbingly, exclusion of significant amount of people from the nucleus of the society. It has also led to the formation of different stratums among the people. With the passage of time this horrendous social exclusion, disparity and discrimination has manifested into an ugly class conflict amongst the people we see today in Pakistan. The mere presence of various classes based on improper income distribution is evidence of its existence. The increasing social gap, distrust and lack of communication between the people, nourishes the problem of income distribution and provides sustenance for its future. The prevailing feudal culture in Pakistan is also one of the major catalysts of the unequal distribution of income in Pakistan. The most influential people or the ruling class has the most concentration of resources; they also include the politicians of Pakistan who are responsible for making policies against this burning issue. Inflation is another factor contributing to the lowering of the purchasing power of the lower classes, which in turn induces a conflict among the general public, as inflation hits hard on the lower classes and has little effect on the elite class. All the foreign investment and the remittances are also controlled by the upper or elite class, thus the flow of money in the economy is limited to a set number of influential or powerful people, while the majority of the population is deprived even the basic necessities of life. 1.5 Research Question The elements of class conflict in Pakistan. The problem of class conflict is justified with the increasing gaps between the populations of Pakistan. Various classes exist due to this income disparity. It is due to this income disparity among the people different classes are formed. Thus, there is a clear and present conflict between the classes in our society. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The review of existing literature in the current study area of the income distribution patterns and the class conflict in Pakistan will help in appraising additional information on the subject matter and help in establishing a better understanding of the research that is to be undertaken. Hasan (2002) made a study on the emerging trends of Pakistans upper or elite class which is under heavy influence of the west. The post Bhutto era changed all the pervious trends that the ruling class observed. The elite class now has separated itself from the middle and lower classes and with it, has also lost the trend to use public services. They are more inclined to private services and they are the ones who are embedded deep in Pakistans political lobby. They reflect the countrys politics, society and the culture as well. Today, Pakistans elite class enjoys the most as income and money is no object to them, they go abroad for vacations and education whereas the majority of the population has little to eat. This gives rise to a class conflict between the general populations and thus differences are uplifted. Y. So (1991) studied the causes of stratification among people. The author focuses on the study of politics and history in accordance with the class struggle. The author makes the analysis based on three major components, the conditions of class struggle, the entire process of class struggle and the consequences that follow the class struggle both on micro as well as the macro level. By incorporating class struggle into the process stratification theory, the author opens up new a horizon for the analysis. The stratification theory groups people according to income distribution. People possessing similar characteristics form social groups or classes which give rise to social gaps. The Neo-Marxist theory focuses on the production sphere and is the advocate of conflict between the emerging classes. The aim of this study was to analyze the formation of different classes. The study looks at the various forms of class struggle and the ways in which classes are formed with special reference to reasons and causes of this phenomenon. Strasser (1980) argues that there two principles which are involved in the social inequality, stratum and class formation. It is intended to substantiate the work by comparing the claims of the functional theory of social stratification and to uncover the frame of reference that underlies the analysis of social inequality in a society. The author calls attention to the recent finding of his time in anthropology and ethnology to further explain his thesis and looks at various theories of social inequality, functional, conservative and progressive. Stratum is a group of people sharing common characteristics such as income, occupation, status etc. Socialization is the major cause of the formation of various stratums. People belonging to a similar background tend to socialize more between themselves rather than with people who are different from them. Social inequality among the various classes takes the form of unequal distribution of resources. These resources either symbolic or materi al are responsible for the conflict among classes. Classes are formed as a result of grouping of similar people belonging to specific interests, whereas strata are formed due to similar lifestyles of various people. Rashid (1985) examines the feudal culture that has existed since Pakistans birth and even now this culture prevails as many of the ruling elites and politicians are among them. Land reforms are imperative for a country like Pakistan, but the people who are responsible for the implementation are the ones who benefit the most out of land. The policy makers and the people who implement the policies are in the politics, and these people compromise the majority of the landlords here in Pakistan. Landlords enjoy the fruits of other peoples hard work which belong to the lower classes that tend to the lands which are not of their own. This tense relationship of worker and master gives rise to a class conflict which will erupt one day. The government is not trying to balance out this unequal distribution of land among the people. There is concentration of all the wealth of the land to one ruling class. Chandra (1972) stated that since the earliest beginning, Pakistan has been dominated by the ruling class. The author gives a complete assessment of the class character of West Pakistan. Even the Muslim League consisted majority of two classes, the Zamindars and the traders, both of which belong to the upper or elite classes of that time. The study aims at living conditions of the lower or working class, which are still the same even after such a long time. There has not been any significant improvement in the living conditions nor other important sectors for these poor people, even though they comprise the majority of the total population of Pakistan. There has been a significant development in the industrial and the private sector, i.e., inflow of foreign investment, but to no avail, the landlords and the capitalists are only the ones who enjoy the fruits of life, as they comprise all the heavy investors in both the sectors. Landlords have made monopolies, and by doing so the dispar ities among the classes have further increased ever since. Crenshaw and Ameen (1993) in their study of the different dimensions of social inequality in the third world, reveal that the modernization and the ecological-evolutionary theories provide more evidence regarding the social inequality than the either the dependency/world systems or the urban bias theory. They provide a cross national assessment of the determinants of income inequality. They also shed light on the various conclusions that can be drawn from various theories. Injection of foreign capital provides opportunities for some people, but it also widens the gap as many people are unable to capitalize on the certain amount of capital. Thus only the people who are strongly embedded and/or in the mainstream, are the ones who are able to capitalize. The analysis point towards the economic growth and the development of the rural areas to reduce mortality and stabilize the income inequality. Ahmed (1996) in his study comments that in a rapidly progressing world, ethnic, religious and social conflicts are tearing states apart not only in the developed world, but also in the lesser developed third world countries. Pakistan is divided into many ethnic groups according to the author, the largest group being the Punjabis, who comprise mainly of the upper and middle classes. However social inequality in rampant in the whole country as there are small pockets of people who have similar access to resources, thus forming various ethnic groups and/or classes, which include Sindhi, Pushtoon and Balochi people, who are less developed and less embedded. Even though Pakistan is rapidly growing but there are elements that hinder the growth of people and inhibit potential factors which work to decrease this chasm between the people of Pakistan. National integration is a desirable goal but it has caused a lot of problems in the past, such as oppression. Even if national equity is promote d and there is harmony among the different groups, there would yet be emerging ideas of different stances, and this time around would have an adverse effect. Bulir (2001) made a study using the traditional Kuznets model. Inflation reduces the purchasing power of the poor people; it also tends to decrease the general income thus increasing social gaps. The government can tax the rich to cover the gap but there are only a few honest taxpayers as opposed to the number of poor people in Pakistan. This ignites a certain conflict among the people, as a certain image is developed for the tax evaders, who are mostly the ruling class or the elites. People belonging to the lower class are hit heavily by inflation, as they are already short on resources, and after further reduction in their purchasing power, they are forced to corruption. Lower inflation rates, in addition to the level of development and fiscal redistribution are found to improve income equality and their impact is uniform for all levels of GDP per capita, thus low inflation rates improve the income inequality. Level of development; state employment, fiscal redistribution, and price stability are found to improve income inequality in a given country. The positive impact of price stability on income distribution is nonlinear. When inflation is reduced from hyperinflationary levels, there is a significant reduction in the income inequality also, while if it is decreased further, then there are small gains in the countrys gini coefficient. Kentor (2001) observed the effects of globalization on the income distribution, population growth and the economic development. The goal was to develop the linkage between them, and it is evident that they are inter-related parts of a complex system of unequal economic, social and political relationships. Globalization has effects on the income inequality and income distribution, but there are no properly demarked good or bad effects to it. Where there is a negative effect of globalization on the per capita GNP growth, there is also a positive impact on the trade openness. Policies should be made according to the given circumstances at hand, not by prediction. Hussain, Sharif, Hasan (2009) studied the impacts of openness of trade, FDI and remittances on the income distribution and the income inequality in Pakistan. Increased openness of trade leads to economic growth which reduces poverty and makes income distribution more equal. Trade liberalization has been a factor in reducing the income distribution as there is a significant increase in the total trade over the past years. Pakistan has also reduced tariffs from 200% to only 25%. Studies show that FDI has a positive effect on income distribution, but owing to the unstable political and economic conditions it has not risen considerably. FDI was restricted to only few areas but since it opened up to the industrial sector, Pakistan has witnessed a considerable amount of increase in FDI (poor in the 70s and began rising in the 80s). However the extent of FDI had good effects on income distribution in Pakistan. Remittances, also play a vital role in the economy, Pakistan had high remittances through the 70s and 80s but saw a decline after that, yet after 2000, Pakistan again saw rapid increase in the remittances, Pakistan is trying to open up the economy by privatization. This will ultimately cause growth in the economy and reduce poverty and equalize the income inequality. Thus their study revealed that the income inequality in Pakistan follows an uneven pattern, meaning that there is no significant increase or decrease. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Type My Research falls under the category of a quantitative research. I gathered data and put it through a series of statistical techniques to prove the hypothesis derived in the research 3.2 Data Type and Research Period My Research was done by using the primary data. Primary data was collected to study the class conflict, as no historical data is currently available. Questionnaire provided me with relevant information to conduct the research 3.3 Sources of Data A questionnaire was floated asking general questions related to the issue of class conflict in Pakistan 3.4 Theoretical Framework 3.5 Variables Definitions Inequality The degree to which the distribution of economic welfare generated in an economy differs from that if equal shares among its inhabitants (Dictionary of Economics, Graham Bannock) Stratum Division of people according to some variable Feudalism A European system flourishing between 800-1400 based upon fixed relations of lord to vassal (www.thefreedictionary.com) Income Distribution The various levels of income existing within a given population (Dictionary of Economics, Graham Bannock) Class Conflict Conflict between different classes in a community resulting from different social or economic positions and reflecting opposed interests (www.dictionary.reference.com) Income Disparity In economic context, it refers to the difference in wages of people 3.6 Population, Working Population and Planned Sample The questionnaire was completed by 50 people of Lahore. Questionnaire asked questions regarding the social class conflict existing in our society. 3.7 Research Hypothesis H0: Class conflict is caused due to income disparity H1: Class conflict is not caused due to income disparity H0: Social gaps and social exclusion lead to the class conflict H1: Social gaps and social exclusion does not lead to class conflict H0: Division of stratums is a major reason for class conflict. H1: Division of stratums is not a major reason for class conflict. H0: There are social gaps between the various classes in Pakistan H1: There are no social gaps between the various classes in Pakistan 3.8 Techniques For the analysis of the data collected, the statistical technique of regression was used to build and establish linkages between the variables used in the research and finally deriving the conclusion from the results of the regression analysis. 3.9 Data Analysis The statistical software Mini tab was used to apply the regression technique to analyze the data. The software provided with graphs, tables and charts after running regression. 3.10 Data interpretation The data was interpreted using the regression results. Based on the current analysis the main aim of the study was to understand which element was the major one of class conflict. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Results Multiple Regression Analysis Dependent variable: Class Conflict Standard T Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value CONSTANT -0.0519046 0.421089 -0.123263 0.9024 Income Disparity 0.24955 0.122053 2.04461 0.0466 Socialization 0.753118 0.148753 5.06289 0.0000 Stratification 0.0101818 0.092964 0.109524 0.9133 Analysis of Variance Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value - Model 4.90069 3 1.63356 10.81 0.0000 Residual 6.95066 46 0.151101 Total (Corr.) 11.8514 49 R-squared = 61.3514 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 57.5264 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.388717 Mean absolute error = 0.318889 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.52396 Class Conflict = -0.0519046 + 0.24955*Income Disparity +0.753118*Socialization + 0.0101818*Stratification 4.2 Findings Analysis The regression model describes the relationship of socialization, stratification and income disparity with class conflict. It explains how socialization, stratification and income disparity affect class conflict. As we can see from the above equation that income disparity, socialization and stratification is directly linked with class conflict as all three variables have a positive relationship. Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a statistically significant relationship between the class conflict and the 3 independent variables at the 99% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 61.3514% of the variability in Class Conflict. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 57.5264%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 0.388717. This value can be used to construct prediction limits for new observations by selecting the Reports option from the text menu. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.318889 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in the data file. Since the DW value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious auto correlation in the residuals. In the model the highest p-value on the independent variables is 0.9133, belonging to stratification. Since the p-value is greater or equal to 0.10, so this variable is not significant at the 90% confidence level. Therefore, we can say that stratification have little and no effect on the dependent variable, class conflict. Questionnaire was floated by various people including students and professors of my university i.e. Lahore School of Economics, Doctors working in CMH hospital, Students of LMDC, Shop keepers of H-Block market DHA and people working as drivers and cooks in my colony. The main purpose of getting questionnaire filled from people belonging to various income groups was to clearly study and understand the relationship of socialization, stratification and income disparity with the class conflict issue. The only limitation of doing this primary research was that the sample size of 50 people was very low in order to draw a conclusion as the topic is very wide and each and every individual has his/her own views on the class conflict topic. Overall people surveyed, were of the view that class conflict did exist in our society and gave rise to problems such as income disparity and it divided the population into various stratums. 4.3 Hypothesis testing H0: Class conflict is caused due to income disparity H1: Class conflict is not caused due to income disparity As the results show the p-value of income disparity to be 0.0466 which is less than 0.05 thus we accept Ho at 95% confidence interval. This means that income disparity causes class conflict. According to the respondents, class conflict is a result of the income disparities as these days in Pakistan the rich are getting richer day by day and the poor are getting poorer. Class conflict is dependent upon income disparities. H0: There are social gaps between the various classes in Pakistan H1: There are no social gaps between the various classes in Pakistan The p-value of the information in the regression analysis is 0.0000. As the p-value is less than ÃŽÂ ± which is 0.05, we accept the null hypothesis and say that social gaps do exist between the various classes in Pakistan. It should be noted that the p-value is very small and is significant. Majority of the respondents were of the view that social gaps are present in the various classes of Pakistan. H0: Social gaps and social exclusion lead to the class conflict H1: Social gaps and social exclusion does not lead to class conflict The p-value of socialization in the regression analysis is 0.000 which is less than 0.05 we accept Ho at 95% confidence level. This means that social gaps led to the problem of class conflict. Majority of people said that wide social gaps and differences and social exclusion led to class conflict. They were of the view that this separation between the classes will lead to a major conflict among the general public in Pakistan. H0: Division of stratums is a major reason for class conflict. H1: Division of stratums is a major reason for class conflict. In the regression analysis we can see that the p-value of stratification is 0.9133 which is greater than 0.05 thus we reject the null hypothesis at 95% confidence level. This means that stratification is not a major reason of the class conflict problem. One of the limitations behind this result could be that the sample size is very small, which is in sufficient to draw a conclusion regarding stratification and its relationship with class conflict. Conclusion From the above argument, it is concluded that there is a marked class conflict in the population of Pakistan based on the unequal distribution of income in Pakistan. Corrupt officials, low number of honest taxpayers and resistance to change are some of the factors which contribute to fuel this ongoing conflict among the people. Pakistan is also facing a great threat from security point of view as well as inefficient monetary policies, which also hinders economic growth. Hence the people are divided into the various groups mentioned in the paper, according to difference in income, status, amount of resources and other contributing factors. According to the results, stratification among the people does not hold much importance, but it is a minor contributing factor in the class conflict. Socialization, however is an important variable in the class conflict, people of similar backgrounds belong to a similar type of social status tend to socialize more than people belonging to other clas ses. This is a common practice that people with similar resources either material or symbolic will from a social group and tend to exclude people who are different from them.

The Passive Voice Essays -- Research Paper Language Papers

The Passive Voice The English language has two voices--the active and the passive. The active voice and the passive voice differ in that a passive verb phrase has an additional auxiliary BE followed by an EN participle. In a sense, the English passive is "inflexible" when compared to the passive formation of other languages. For example, some languages use word order, verb inflections, and impersonal constructions to form the passive voice. In their book, The Grammar Book: ESL/EFL Teacher's Course, Celce-Murcia and Larson-Freeman demonstrate how the Bantu passive voice differs from the English passive voice. "Kingarwanda, a Bantu language, can make even a locative phrase the subject of the passive as in On the bus was eaten a sandwich by John, which would not be acceptable in English" (221). Furthermore, topicalization is another "grammar issue" which differs from language to language. In the Kingarwanda sentence, On the bus was eaten a sandwich by John, the center of attention or the topic of the sen tence is the phrase On the bus. Since languages have different rules which govern topicalization, several languages may not accept On the bus as the topic of a sentence. In the book, Clear and Coherent Prose, William Vande Kopple discusses topicalization in the English language. Kopple states that the English language uses topicalizers to "fulfill special functions in essays" (41). Several of these functions are: focusing the reader's attention on a specific part of a sentence, expressing given or "old" information at the beginning of a sentence, marking changes in topics, and lastly, setting contrasts between one topic and another (41). Since there are differences in topicalization and the formation of the passive voice, no... ...I must make my students aware of these differences. Moreover, I want my student to understand both the active and the passive voice and be able to choose which voice to use in their writing. Works Cited Aghbar, Ali. The New York Times Editorial Corpus. Alexander, L. G. Longman of English. New York: Longman Inc., 1988. Besnier, N., and Edward Finegan. Language: Its Structure and Use. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. Celce-Murcia, M., and Diana Larson-Freeman. The Grammar Book: An ESL/EFL Teacher's Course. Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers Inc., 1983. Kaplan, J. P. English Grammar: Principles and Facts. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1989. Kopple, William Vande. Clear and Coherent Prose: A Functional Approach. Boston: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1989. Lyles, B. A Basic Grammar of Modern English. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1989.